Analyst herding – whether, why, and when? Two new tests for herding detection in target forecast prices

Authors

  • Callum Reveley University of Northumbria at Newcastle, United Kingdom
  • Savva Shanaev University of Northumbria at Newcastle, United Kingdom
  • Yu Bin Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
  • Humnath Panta School of Business, California State Polytechnic University, Humboldt, USA
  • Binam Ghimire Robert Gordon University, Scotland, United Kingdom

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18559/ebr.2023.4.892

Keywords:

behavioural finance, herding, econometric models

Abstract

This study proposes two novel tests for security analyst herding based on binomial correlation and forecast error volatility scaling and applies it to investigate herding patterns in analyst target prices in 2008-2020 in the UK. Analysts robustly herd in their valuations, with results consistent across years, sectors, in panel fixed effect, quantile, instrumental variable regressions, and when controlled for optimism and conservatism. Herding becomes prominent for stocks followed by at least five analysts and towards the long sides of Fama-French sorts, reinforcing its non-spurious and behavioral nature. Analyst herd more strongly subject to low volatility and uncertainty.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Abarbanell, J., & Lehavy, R. (2003). Biased forecasts or biased earnings? The role of reported earnings in explaining apparent bias and over/underreaction in analysts’ earnings forecasts. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 36(1-3), 105-146.
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacceco.2003.11.001

Aharon, D. Y. (2021). Uncertainty, fear and herding behavior: Evidence from size-ranked portfolios. Journal of Behavioral Finance, 22(3), 320-337.
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15427560.2020.1774887

Anderson, T., & Rubin, H. (1949). Estimation of the parameters of a single equation in a complete system of stochastic equations. Annals of Mathematical Statistics, 20(1), 46-63.
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1214/aoms/1177730090

Argenti, P. (2020). Communicating through the coronavirus crisis. Harvard Business Review.
View in Google Scholar

Bernhardt, D., Campello, M., & Kutsoati, E. (2006). Who herds? Journal of Financial Economics, 80(3), 657-675.
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2005.07.006

Blake, D., Sarno, L., & Zinna, G. (2017). The market for lemmings: The herding behavior of pension funds. Journal of Financial Markets, 36(1), 17-39.
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.finmar.2017.03.001

Blasco, N., Corredor, P., & Ferrer, E. (2018). Analysts herding: When does sentiment matter? Applied Economics, 50(51), 5495-5509.
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2018.1486999

Bradshaw, M., Brown, L., & Huang, K. (2013). Do sell-side analysts exhibit differential target price forecasting ability? Review of Accounting Studies, 18(4), 930-955.
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11142-012-9216-5

Bradshaw, M., Huang, A., & Tan, H. (2014). Analyst target price optimism around the world. Working paper, Boston College.
View in Google Scholar

Brav, A., & Lehavy, R. (2003). An empirical analysis of analysts' target prices: Short‐term informativeness and long‐term dynamics. Journal of Finance, 58(5), 1933-1967.
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-6261.00593

Caparrelli, F., D'Arcangelis, A., & Cassuto, A. (2004). Herding in the Italian stock market: a case of behavioral finance. Journal of Behavioral Finance, 5(4), 222-230.
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1207/s15427579jpfm0504_5

Chang, E., Cheng, J., & Khorana, A. (2000). An examination of herd behavior in equity markets: An international perspective. Journal of Banking & Finance, 24(10), 1651-1679.
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4266(99)00096-5

Chen, Q., & Jiang, W. (2006). Analysts’ weighting of private and public information. Review of Financial Studies, 19(1), 319-355.
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/rfs/hhj007

Cheng, L., Su, Y., Yan, Z., & Zhao, Y. (2019). Corporate governance and target price accuracy. International Review of Financial Analysis, 64(1), 93-101.
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa.2019.05.005

Choi, N., & Sias, R. (2009). Institutional industry herding. Journal of Financial Economics, 94(3), 469-491.
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2008.12.009

Choi, N., & Skiba, H. (2015). Institutional herding in international markets. Journal of Banking & Finance, 55(1), 246-259.
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2015.02.002

Chow, G. (1960). Tests of equality between sets of coefficients in two linear regressions. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 28(3), 591-605.
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1910133

Christie, W., & Huang, R. (1995). Following the pied piper: Do individual returns herd around the market? Financial Analysts Journal, 51(4), 31-37.
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.2469/faj.v51.n4.1918

Clement, M., & Tse, S. (2005). Financial analyst characteristics and herding behavior in forecasting. Journal of Finance, 60(1), 307-341.
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.2005.00731.x

Collins, J. & Porras, J. (1996). Building your company's vision. Harvard Business Review, 74(5), 65-77.
View in Google Scholar

Cote, J., & Goodstein, J. (1999). A breed apart? Security analysts and herding behavior. Journal of Business Ethics, 18(3), 305-314.
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005889208165

Da, Z., & Schaumburg, E. (2011). Relative valuation and analyst target price forecasts. Journal of Financial Markets, 14(1), 161-192.
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.finmar.2010.09.001

De Bondt, W., & Forbes, W. (1999). Herding in analyst earnings forecasts: evidence from the United Kingdom. European Financial Management, 5(2), 143-163.
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-036X.00087

Doukas, J., Kim, C., & Pantzalis, C. (2005). The two faces of analyst coverage. Financial Management, 34(2), 99-125.
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-053X.2005.tb00101.x

Drehmann, M., Oechssler, J., & Roider, A. (2005). Herding and contrarian behavior in financial markets: An internet experiment. American Economic Review, 95(5), 1403-1426.
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1257/000282805775014317

Fama, E., & French, K. (2015). A five-factor asset pricing model. Journal of Financial Economics, 116(1), 1-22.
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2014.10.010

Fama, E., & French, K. (2018). Choosing factors. Journal of Financial Economics, 128(2), 234-252.
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2018.02.012

Feldman, R., Livnat, J., & Zhang, Y. (2012). Analysts’ earnings forecast, recommendation, and target price revisions. Journal of Portfolio Management, 38(3), 120-132.
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.3905/jpm.2012.38.3.120

Frazzini, A., & Pedersen, L. (2014). Betting against beta. Journal of Financial Economics, 111(1), 1-25.
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2013.10.005

Frijns, B., & Huynh, T. (2018). Herding in analysts’ recommendations: The role of media. Journal of Banking & Finance, 91(1), 1-18.
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2018.03.010

Galariotis, E., Rong, W., & Spyrou, S. (2015). Herding on fundamental information: A comparative study. Journal of Banking & Finance, 50(1), 589-598.
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2014.03.014

Graham, J. (1999). Herding among investment newsletters: Theory and evidence. Journal of Finance, 54(1), 237-268.
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-1082.00103

Guo, J., Holmes, P., & Altanlar, A. (2020). Is herding spurious or intentional? Evidence from analyst recommendation revisions and sentiment. International Review of Financial Analysis, 71(1), 101539.
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa.2020.101539

Han, C., Kang, J., & Kim, S. (2021). Betting against analyst target price. Journal of Financial Markets.
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.finmar.2021.100677

Hong, H., & Kacperczyk, M. (2010). Competition and bias. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 125(4), 1683-1725.
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1162/qjec.2010.125.4.1683

Huang, J., Mian, G., & Sankaraguruswamy, S. (2009). The value of combining the information content of analyst recommendations and target prices. Journal of Financial Markets, 12(4), 754-777.
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.finmar.2009.07.002

Hwang, S., & Salmon, M. (2004). Market stress and herding. Journal of Empirical Finance, 11(4), 585-616.
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jempfin.2004.04.003

Imam, S., Chan, J., & Shah, S. (2013). Equity valuation models and target price accuracy in Europe: Evidence from equity reports. International Review of Financial Analysis, 28(1), 9-19.
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa.2013.02.008

Ishigami, S., & Takeda, F. (2018). Market reactions to stock rating and target price changes in analyst reports: Evidence from Japan. Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, 52(1), 134-151.
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intfin.2017.09.014

James, C., & Karceski, J. (2006). Strength of analyst coverage following IPOs. Journal of Financial Economics, 82(1), 1-34.
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2005.09.003

JPMorgan (1997). CreditMetrics – technical document. JPMorgan, New York.
View in Google Scholar

Kim, C., & Pantzalis, C. (2003). Global/industrial diversification and analyst herding. Financial Analysts Journal, 59(2), 69-79.
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.2469/faj.v59.n2.2515

Koenker, R., & Bassett, G. (1978). Regression quantiles. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 46(1), 33-50.
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1913643

Kremer, S., & Nautz, D. (2013). Causes and consequences of short-term institutional herding. Journal of Banking & Finance, 37(5), 1676-1686.
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2012.12.006

Lee, J., & Lee, J. (2015). Analyst herding behavior and analyst affiliation: Evidence from business groups. Journal of Behavioral Finance, 16(4), 373-386.
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15427560.2015.1098640

Lin, M. (2018). The impact of aggregate uncertainty on herding in analysts' stock recommendations. International Review of Financial Analysis, 57(1), 90-105.
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa.2018.02.006

Lin, S., Tan, H., & Zhang, Z. (2016). When analysts talk, do institutional investors listen? Evidence from target price changes. Financial Review, 51(2), 191-223.
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/fire.12102

Nakamura, A., & Nakamura, M. (1981). On the relationships among several specification error tests presented by Durbin, Wu, and Hausman. Econometrica, 49(6), 1583-1588.
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1911420

Nofsinger, J., & Sias, R. (1999). Herding and feedback trading by institutional and individual investors. Journal of Finance, 54(6), 2263-2295.
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-1082.00188

O'Brien, P. (1988). Analysts' forecasts as earnings expectations. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 10(1), 53-83.
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-4101(88)90023-7

O'Brien, P., & Bhushan, R. (1990). Analyst following and institutional ownership. Journal of Accounting Research, 28(1), 55-76.
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2491247

Olsen, R. (1996). Implications of herding behavior for earnings estimation, risk assessment, and stock returns. Financial Analysts Journal, 52(4), 37-41.
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.2469/faj.v52.n4.2009

Roider, A., & Voskort, A. (2016). Reputational herding in financial markets: A laboratory experiment. Journal of Behavioral Finance, 17(3), 244-266.
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15427560.2016.1203322

Roger, T., Roger, P., & Schatt, A. (2018). Behavioral bias in number processing: Evidence from analysts’ expectations. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 149(1), 315-331.
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2018.02.026

Scharfstein, D., & Stein, J. (1990). Herd behavior and investment. American Economic Review, 80(3), 465-479.
View in Google Scholar

Shanaev, S., & Ghimire, B. (2021). Efficient scholars: academic attention and the disappearance of anomalies. The European Journal of Finance, 27(3), 278-304.
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1351847X.2020.1812684

Sias, R. (2004). Institutional herding. Review of Financial Studies, 17(1), 165-206.
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/rfs/hhg035

Trueman, B. (1994). Analyst forecasts and herding behavior. Review of Financial Studies, 7(1), 97-124.
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/rfs/7.1.97

Vidal-Tomas, D., Ibanez, A., & Farinos, J. (2019). Herding in the cryptocurrency market: CSSD and CSAD approaches. Finance Research Letters, 30(1), 181-186.
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2018.09.008

Wang, Z., Sun, L., & Wei, K. (2020). Does competition induce analyst effort? Evidence from a natural experiment of broker mergers. Journal of Banking & Finance, 119(1), 105914.
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2020.105914

Welch, I. (2000). Herding among security analysts. Journal of Financial Economics, 58(3), 369-396.
View in Google Scholar DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-405X(00)00076-3

Young, A. (2019). Consistency without inference: Instrumental variables in practical application. London School of Economics.
View in Google Scholar

Downloads

Published

2023-12-28

Issue

Section

Research article- regular issue

How to Cite

Reveley, C., Shanaev, S., Bin, Y., Panta, H., & Ghimire, B. (2023). Analyst herding – whether, why, and when? Two new tests for herding detection in target forecast prices. Economics and Business Review, 9(4). https://doi.org/10.18559/ebr.2023.4.892

Similar Articles

1-10 of 100

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.